In many emerging nations, the exploitation of natural resources is a key factor in economic growth, but it also presents serious environmental problems. This study evaluates how Sierra Leone’s Pampana River environmental degradation is affected by the exploitation of natural resources. Using structured questionnaires and interviews, 50 respondents provided primary data, which was supplemented by secondary data from pertinent literature. Looking at how resources get used, small-scale gold digging stands out at 40%, closely followed by sand extraction at 36%. Seventy percent of people surveyed describe clear harm to nature around them. Water quality has dropped sharply, according to nearly three-quarters of those asked. Damage shows up most clearly in broken habitats, over half report this issue. Fewer point to species loss, yet still more than one-third notice it happening. Polluted waterways come up less often but remain a concern for some. When rating overall damage, four out of five see mining effects as very serious. Health problems linked to these activities appear even more widespread, 84% say they’re affected. Most people see little benefit from efforts like planting trees or educational outreach, yet nearly all favour tighter rules. Despite programs aimed at protection, six out of ten doubt their real-world impact. Stronger oversight gains broad approval. Damage to the Pampana River continues under current resource use patterns. Evidence points to lasting harm caused by unchecked extraction. Fixing it may depend on updated enforcement, responsible mining methods, together with local stewardship models.