Value-Aware RF-Enabled TinyML Embedded Architecture for Intelligent Environmental Monitoring in Resource-Constrained Environments: A Computational Experimental Evaluation
- Nnaji Kelechi Timothy1, Oluwatomisin Isogun2, Chi Mac-Braine Wanisi3, Edeh Chukwuemeka Dominic4
- DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23337367
- ISA Journal of Engineering and Technology (ISAJET)
Resource-constrained environmental sensing systems must
simultaneously satisfy conflicting requirements for predictive intelligence,
communication reliability, memory efficiency, and energy conservation. Although
Tiny Machine Learning (TinyML) enables local inference on microcontroller-class
devices, existing environmental monitoring systems frequently treat
environmental inference, transmission scheduling, and radio-frequency resource
allocation as separate optimization problems. This study proposes a value-aware
RF-enabled TinyML architecture in which environmental severity, prediction
uncertainty, temporal novelty, information freshness, and RF-link state jointly
determine whether information is transmitted and the communication resources
assigned to its delivery. A computational experimental evaluation was performed
using a real environmental time series containing 2,231 usable temporal
sequences. Four candidate models Decision Tree, Random Forest, multilayer
perceptron, and compact one-dimensional convolutional neural network were
evaluated using chronological training, validation, and independent test
partitions. The Random Forest achieved the highest test performance, with
89.85% accuracy, 88.08% macro-F1, and 91.18% recall for the highest-severity
class. A Value-of-Information controller subsequently combined model severity,
predictive entropy, temporal novelty, and information age. Four communication
strategies were compared: periodic fixed-RF monitoring, periodic TinyML
telemetry, event-triggered TinyML telemetry, and the proposed value-aware
adaptive RF architecture. The proposed architecture reduced transmission count
by 72.54% and transmitted bytes by 74.22% relative to periodic monitoring.
Across 300 modeled RF-link realizations, mean packet-delivery ratio increased
from 70.78% for conventional periodic telemetry to 94.44%, while mean
critical-event delivery increased from 76.41% to 87.04%. Mean modeled
communication energy decreased by 32.13% relative to periodic transmission,
although a simpler event-triggered architecture consumed less energy at the
cost of substantially poorer reliability. The results demonstrate that
communication efficiency in intelligent environmental sensing should be defined
not only by energy minimization but by the reliable delivery of high-value
environmental information. Physical microcontroller, LoRa, and power
measurements remain necessary for final hardware validation.
Keywords: TinyML;
environmental monitoring; edge intelligence; LoRa; adaptive RF telemetry; Value
of Information; embedded machine learning; resource-constrained IoT; low-power
sensing; Internet of Things.
