This study examines the historical impact of the failure of the 1967 Aburi Accord on Nigeria’s national integration. Precipitated by the political crises, ethnic rivalries, and institutional distrust following the military coups of January and July 1966, the Aburi meeting in Ghana sought to resolve emerging conflicts by restructuring Nigeria’s federal system toward greater regional autonomy. Utilizing a qualitative, historical-descriptive methodology, this research conducts a critical content analysis of secondary data, including scholarly texts, journal articles, historical documents, and official communiqués, to evaluate the post-conference fallout. Findings reveal that conflicting interpretations, mutual suspicion, and the failure of both the Federal Military Government and the Eastern Region to honor the accord severely damaged national trust, fractured Nigeria’s federal architecture, and ultimately triggered the declaration of Biafra and the Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970). The study concludes that national integration cannot be realized through mere constitutional decree, but requires genuine sincerity, equitable representation, and structured dialogue. Furthermore, the underlying grievances that caused the collapse of the Aburi Accord, namely central domination, political marginalization, and resource control, remain central challenges in contemporary Nigerian politics. The study recommends strengthening the Federal Character Principle, enacting constitutional reforms toward true fiscal federalism,   institutionalizing inter-ethnic conflict resolution mechanisms, and investing in civic education alongside regional infrastructure to foster enduring national unity and stability.

Keywords: Failed Aburi Agreement, National Integration, Nigerian Civil War, Political Crisis, Ethnic Conflict, Federalism, Regional Autonomy.